BACHILLERATO - READING FOR LEARNING

SYNDROME vs  DISORDER

               A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms that are correlated with each other and, often, with a specific disease. The word derives from the Greek σύνδρομον, meaning "concurrence".

          Syndromes are often named after the physician or group of physicians that discovered them or initially described the full clinical picture. Such eponymous syndrome names are examples of medical eponyms. Recently, there has been a shift towards naming conditions descriptively by symptoms or underlying cause rather than with eponyms. However the eponymous syndrome names often persist in common usage.

              In medicine, a disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance. Medical disorders can be categorized into mental disorders, physical disorders, genetic disorders, emotional and behavioral disorders, and functional disorders. The term disorder is often considered more value-neutral and less stigmatizing than the terms disease or illness, and therefore is a preferred terminology in some circumstances. In mental health, the term mental disorder is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors in psychiatric conditions. However, the term disorder is also used in many other areas of medicine, primarily to identify physical disorders that are not caused by infectious organisms, such as metabolic disorders.

SOME SYNDROMES AND DISORDERS

Aboulia	Aboulia or abulia refers to a lack of will or initiative and can be seen as a disorder of diminished motivation. Aboulia falls in the middle of the spectrum of diminished motivation, with apathy being less extreme and akinetic mutism being more extreme than aboulia. A patient with aboulia is unable to act or make decisions independently.
Aboulomania	Aboulomania involves the occasional onset of crippling indecision. Aboulomania sufferers are normal in practically every other way, physically and mentally—they simply run into very serious problems whenever they’re faced with certain choices, to the extent that they struggle to regain normal function. Some aboulomania sufferers face incredible difficulties in everyday life, finding it nearly impossible to do simple things; even wondering whether or not they should go out for a walk can paralyze them with indecision. Many sufferers report that their incapacity to do what they want comes in spite of that fact that they’re aware of being physically fine—and so they seem to be imprisoned by the inability to fulfill their own will.
Agoraphobia	Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety in situations where the sufferer perceives certain environments as dangerous or uncomfortable, often due to the environment's vast openness or crowdedness.
Avoidant personality disorder	Avoidant personality disorder afflicts persons when they display a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social interaction. Individuals afflicted with the disorder tend to describe themselves as ill at ease, anxious, lonely, and generally feel unwanted and isolated from others. People with avoidant personality disorder often consider themselves to be socially inept or personally unappealing and avoid social interaction for fear of being ridiculed, humiliated, rejected, or disliked.
Bonnie and Clyde Syndrome	Hybristophilia or "Bonnie and Clyde Syndrome" is a paraphilia in which sexual arousal, facilitation, and attainment of orgasm are responsive to and contingent upon being with a partner known to have committed an outrage, cheating, lying, known infidelities or crime, such as rape, murder, or armed robbery. Many high-profile criminals, particularly those who have committed atrocious crimes, receive "fan mail" in prison which is sometimes amorous or sexual, presumably as a result of this phenomenon. In some cases, admirers of these criminals have gone on to marry the object of their affections in prison.
Chinese restaurant syndrome	Chinese restaurant syndrome is a collection of symptoms that some people have after eating Chinese food. A food additive called monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been blamed.
Diogenes syndrome	Diogenes syndrome is a condition characterised by extreme self neglect, reclusive tendencies, and compulsive hoarding, sometimes of animals. It is found mainly in old people and is associated with senile breakdown.
Dissociative Identity Disorder	Also known as Multiple Personality Disorder, it involves the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states At least two of these identities or personality states recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour. There is an inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., blackouts or chaotic behavior during alcohol intoxication) or a general medical condition (e.g., complex partial seizures).
Erotomania	Erotomania is a type of delusion in which the affected person believes that another person, usually a stranger, high-status or famous person, is in love with them. During an erotomanic episode, the patient believes that a secret admirer is declaring their affection to the patient, often by special glances, signals, telepathy, or messages through the media. Usually the patient then returns the perceived affection by means of letters, phone calls, gifts, and visits to the unwitting recipient. Even though these advances are unexpected and often unwanted, any denial of affection by the object of this delusional love is dismissed by the patient as a ploy to conceal the forbidden love from the rest of the world.
Hypochondriasis	The main characteristic of Hypochondriasis is chronic fears of having a serious illness based on a misinterpretation of bodily signs or symptoms.  The diagnostic criteria for Hypochondriasis includes the following: Preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease based on the person's misinterpretation of bodily symptoms. The preoccupation persists despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance.
Kleptomania	Kleptomania is the inability to refrain from the urge to steal items and is done for reasons other than personal use or financial gain.
Munchausen syndrome	Munchausen syndrome is a psychiatric disorder wherein those affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma to draw attention, sympathy, or reassurance to themselves. It is also sometimes known as hospital addiction syndrome or hospital hopper syndrome. In Munchausen syndrome, the affected person exaggerates or creates symptoms of illnesses in themselves to gain examination, treatment, attention, sympathy, and/or comfort from medical personnel. In some extreme cases, people suffering from Munchausen's syndrome are highly knowledgeable about the practice of medicine and are able to produce symptoms that result in lengthy and costly medical analysis, prolonged hospital stay and unnecessary operations.
Narcolepsy	Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder involving the loss of the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. People with narcolepsy experience frequent excessive daytime sleepiness, comparable to how people who don't have narcolepsy feel after 24 to 48 hours of sleep deprivation, as well as disturbed nocturnal sleep which often is confused with insomnia.
Narcissistic personality disorder	Narcissistic personality disorder is a disorder in which a person is excessively preoccupied with personal adequacy, power, prestige and vanity, mentally unable to see the destructive damage they are causing to themselves and to others in the process. It was historically called megalomania, and is a form of severe egocentrism.
Othello syndrome	Morbid jealousy, also known as Othello syndrome, is a psychological disorder in which a person wrongly believes that their spouse or sexual partner is being unfaithful without having any real proof to back up their claim In morbid jealousy, the person is preoccupied with a partner’s sexual infidelity. The most common cited forms of psychopathology in morbid jealousy are delusions and obsessions.  Some symptoms of pathological jealousy include: accusing partner of looking or giving attention to other people; questioning of the partner's behavior; interrogation of phone calls, including wrong numbers or accidental phone calls, and all other forms of communication; going through the partner’s belongings;  always asking where the partner is and whom they are with; isolating partner from their family and friends; not letting the partner have personal interests or hobbies outside the house; controlling the partner's social circle; verbal and/or physical violence towards the partner, the individual whom is considered to be the rival, or both; blaming the partner and establishing an excuse for jealous behavior; denying the jealous behavior unless cornered; threatening to harm others or themselves.
Paris syndrome	Paris syndrome is a condition exclusive to Japanese tourists and nationals, which causes them to have a mental breakdown while in the famous city. Of the millions of Japanese tourists that visit the city every year, around a dozen suffer this illness and have to be returned to their home country.  The condition is basically a severe form of ‘culture shock’. Polite Japanese tourists who come to the city are unable to separate their idyllic view of the city, seen in such films as Amelie, with the reality of a modern, bustling metropolis.  Japanese tourists who come into contact with, say, a rude French waiter, will be unable to argue back and be forced to bottle up their own anger which eventually leads to a full mental breakdown.  The Japanese embassy has a 24hr hotline for tourists suffering for severe culture shock, and can provide emergency hospital treatment if necessary.
Peter Pan syndrom	Peter Pan syndrome is the pop-psychology concept of an adult (usually male) who is socially immature. A prominent example of a celebrity with Peter Pan syndrome was Michael Jackson, who said, "I am Peter Pan in my heart". Jackson named the property where he lived from 1988 to 2005 Neverland Ranch.  In the past, psychology recognized the concept of puer aeternus, or "eternal boy". Today, often called "Peter Pan syndrome", it means a person remaining emotionally at that of a teenager. It is derived from the traditional archetypal "eternal boy", Peter Pan.  The portmanteau coinages kidult, rejuvenile, adultescent refer to adults with interests traditionally seen as suitable for children. It can also have other meanings, such as a parent who enjoys being a parent due to spending quality time with their children, but is reluctant to lay down the law or handle the more serious aspects of parenthood. An example is Robin Williams' character in Mrs. Doubtfire, a father who has fun with his children but is a poor disciplinarian and is seen by his wife as an irresponsible head of the household.  However recently it is a growing recognition that for an adult to have interests traditionally expected only from children is not necessary an anomaly. The entertainment industry was quick to recognize the trend, and introduced a special category, "kidult" of things marketable for kids and adults alike. Enormous successes of films like Shrek and Harry Potter, of books traditionally targeted for teenagers and the fact that Disneyland is among world top adult (without kids) vacation destinations seem to indicate that "kidulthood" is a rather mainstream phenomenon.
Persecutory delusions	Persecutory delusions are a delusional condition in which the affected person believes they are being persecuted. Specifically, they have been defined as containing two central elements: The individual thinks that harm is occurring, or is going to occur. The individual thinks that the perceived persecutor has the intention to cause harm.
Pica	Pica is characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as paper, clay, metal, chalk, soil, glass, or sand. For these actions to be considered pica, they must persist for more than one month at an age where eating such objects is considered developmentally inappropriate, not part of culturally sanctioned practice and sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention. There are different variations of pica, as it can be from a cultural tradition, acquired taste, or a neurological mechanism such as an iron deficiency or a chemical imbalance.
Pyromania	Pyromania is an impulse control disorder in which individuals repeatedly fail to resist impulses to deliberately start fires, in order to relieve tension or for instant gratification. Pyromania and pyromaniacs are distinct from arson, the pursuit of personal, monetary or political gain. It is multiple, deliberate and purposeful fire setting rather than accidental. Pyromaniacs start fires to induce euphoria, and often fixate on institutions of fire control like fire stations and firefighters.
Sleepwalking	Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism or noctambulism. Sleepwalkers arise from the slow wave sleep stage in a state of low consciousness and perform activities that are usually performed during a state of full consciousness. These activities can be as benign as sitting up in bed, walking to the bathroom, and cleaning, or as hazardous as cooking, driving, violent gestures, grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide.  Although generally sleepwalking cases consist of simple, repeated behaviours, there are occasionally reports of people performing complex behaviours while asleep, although their legitimacy is often disputed. Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the incident, as their consciousness has altered into a state in which it is harder to recall memories. Although their eyes are open, their expression is dim and glazed over. Sleepwalking may last as little as 30 seconds or as long as 30 minutes.
Stendhal syndrome	Stendhal syndrome or Florence syndrome is a psychosomatic disorder that causes rapid heartbeat, dizziness, fainting, confusion and even hallucinations when an individual is exposed to an experience of great personal significance, particularly viewing art. The term can also be used to describe a similar reaction when confronted with immense beauty in the natural world. The illness is named after the famous 19th-century French author Stendhal who described his experience with the phenomenon during his 1817 visit to Florence. When he visited the Basilica of Santa Croce, where Niccolò Machiavelli, Michelangelo and Galileo Galilei are buried, he saw Giotto's frescoes for the first time and was overcome with emotion.
Stockholm syndrome	Stockholm syndrome, or capture-bonding, is a psychological phenomenon in which hostages express empathy and sympathy and have positive feelings toward their captors, sometimes to the point of defending and identifying with the captors. These feelings are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims, who essentially mistake a lack of abuse from their captors for an act of kindness. Stockholm syndrome can be seen as a form of traumatic bonding, which does not necessarily require a hostage scenario, but which describes "strong emotional ties that develop between two persons where one person intermittently harasses, beats, threatens, abuses, or intimidates the other. The syndrome is named after a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden, in which the bank robbers held bank employees hostage from August 23 to August 28 in 1973. In this case, the victims became emotionally attached to their victimizers, and even defended their captors after they were freed from their six-day ordeal, refusing to testify against them. Later, after the gang were tried and sentenced to jail, one of them married a woman who had been his hostage. A famous example of Stockholm syndrome is the story of Patty Hearst, a millionaire’s daughter who was kidnapped in 1974, seemed to develop sympathy with her captors, and later took part in a robbery they were orchestrating.
Trichotillomania	Trichotillomania or hair pulling disorder is an impulse disorder characterized by the compulsive urge to pull out one's hair. Common areas for hair to be pulled out are the scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows, legs, arms, hands, nose and the pubic areas.
Ulysses Syndrome	Immigrants who find themselves feeling unusually tired, irritable and lonely might be experiencing the Ulysses Syndrome.  Described for the first time in 2002 by psychiatrist Joseba Achotegui from the Universitat de Barcelona, the Ulysses Syndrome refers to a set of symptoms experienced by people who leave their countries of origin to settle in an unknown land.  The name of the syndrome is taken from the legendary Greek king of Ithaca depicted in Homer’s poem, the Odyssey. This epic tale describes Ulysses’ 10 years of struggles as he tries to return home after the war and claim his rightful place as the king of Ithaca.  The Ulysses Syndrome does NOT exclusively affect those immigrants with unauthorized entries to the country. It potentially affects anyone who migrates to a new country and faces the chronic stress that typically comes with adaptation to a different culture.  Symptoms of the Ulysses Syndrome include both physical and psychological issues that range from headaches to clinical depression.

Now match the following pictures with the corresponding syndromes and disorders above mentioned.